Multi-Dimensional Simulations of Radiative Transfer in Aspherical Core-Collapse Supernovae

We study optical radiation of aspherical supernovae (SNe) and present an approach to verify the asphericity of SNe with optical observations of extragalactic SNe. For this purpose, we have developed a multi-dimensional Monte-Carlo radiative transfer code, SAMURAI (SupernovA MUltidimensional RAdIative transfer code). The code can compute the optical light curve and spectra both at early phases ( ∼ < 40 days after the explosion) and late phases (∼ 1 year after the explosion), based on hydrodynamic and nucleosynthetic models. We show that all the optical observations of SN 1998bw (associated with GRB 980425) are consistent with polar-viewed radiation of the aspherical explosion model with kinetic energy 20× 1051 ergs. Properties of off-axis hypernovae are also discussed briefly.